Research.
Every peer-reviewed study on fascia in one place — graded for strength of evidence, summarised in plain language for clinicians, researchers, and curious patients.
We grade studies from A to 1A+++ using the Fascia Research Database rubric — 1A+++ is the strongest.
- A2015
Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading
Monica E Susilo, Jeffrey A Paten, Edward A Sander, Thao D Nguyen, Jeffrey W RubertiTissues adapt to the mechanical loads they experience, with collagen being the primary load-bearing component. In this study, researchers investigated how a collagen-based material responded to repeated, cyclic tensile…
collagen networkmechanical adaptationtissue remodelling - B2015
Fibromyalgia: A Critical and Comprehensive Review
Andrea T Borchers, M Eric GershwinThis comprehensive review discusses fibromyalgia as a complex disorder within a spectrum of medically unexplained syndromes. Characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, it is often associated with…
FibromyalgiaChronicpainOpiatesPatient supportTrauma - A+++2015
Functional locomotor consequences of uneven forefeet for trot symmetry in individual riding horses
Nathan Wiggers, Sandra L P Nauwelaerts, Sarah Jane Hobbs, Sophie Bool, Claudia F Wolschrijn, Willem BackThis study investigated how horses with uneven forefeet, where the angle differs between left and right, move at a trot. Researchers found that the flatter foot experiences higher loading, including greater braking forc…
asymmetryriding horsesuneven feethoof angle - A2015
Hyaluronan, inflammation and breast cancer progression
Katryn L Schwertfeger, Mary K Cowman, Patrick G Telmer, Eva A Turley, James B McCarthyThis narrative review explores the link between inflammation, the tissue component hyaluronan (HA), and breast cancer progression. Cancer cells and surrounding host cells can create an inflamed microenvironment that hel…
hyaluronaninflammationCD44fasciaBreast cancer - A+++2015
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatics
Antoine Louveau, Igor Smirnov, Timothy J Keyes, Jacob D Eccles, Sherin J Rouhani, J David Peske, Noel C Derecki, David…The central nervous system (CNS) was long thought to lack a conventional lymphatic drainage system. In this study, however, researchers discovered functional lymphatic vessels within the meninges, the membranes surround…
lymphatic vesselsCentral nervous system - A2015
Pathophysiology and Immune Dysfunction in Endometriosis
Soo Hyun Ahn, Stephany P Monsanto, Caragh Miller, Sukhbir S Singh, Richard Thomas, Chandrakant TayadeThis narrative review explores the current understanding of endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting many women of reproductive age. The authors focus on how endometriosis lesions develop a blood supply…
endometriosis - A2015
Evidence for the existence of nociceptors in rat thoracolumbar fascia
S Mense, U HoheiselThis animal study on rats investigated the presence of pain-sensing nerve fibers (nociceptors) in the thoracolumbar fascia. Researchers compared normal fascia with tissue in which they had induced inflammation. The resu…
inflammationfasciafasciitisnon-specific low back painfascia nociceptors - A++2015
Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children
A S Donin, J E Dent, C M Nightingale, N Sattar, C G Owen, A R Rudnicka, M R Perkin, A M Stephen, S A Jebb, D G Cook, P…This cross-sectional study of over 2000 children in the UK examined the relationship between vitamin C and risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Researchers found that higher levels of vitamin C in the blood were associated…
Vitamin Cinsulin resistensglycaemiadiabetes type 2 - A2015
Primo Vascular System: An Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Potential Transitional Tissue Involved in Gastric Cancer Metastasis
An Ping, Su Zhendong, Qu Rongmei, Dai Jingxing, Chen Wei, Zhou Zhongyin, Luo Hesheng, Kwang-Sup SohThe primo vascular system (PVS) is described as a distinct circulatory network beyond the blood and lymphatic systems. This study investigated the role this system might play in the spread of gastric cancer. The researc…
fasciacancermetastasisprimo vascular system - A++2015
Neurovisceral phenotypes in the expression of psychiatric symptoms
Jessica A Eccles, Andrew P Owens, Christopher J Mathias, Satoshi Umeda, Hugo D CritchleyThis narrative review explores the idea that vulnerability to anxiety may be rooted in inherent physical differences in how the body is regulated. The authors focus on conditions like joint hypermobility, Postural Tachy…
joint hypermobilityAnxietypostural tachycardia syndromevasovagal syncopepsychiatry - A2015
Primo Vascular System: A Unique Biological System Shifting a Medical Paradigm
Bruno Chikly, Paul Roberts, Jörgen QuaghebeurThis article describes the primo vascular system (PVS), a unique biological system distinct from the arteriovenous and lymphatic systems. Research suggests the PVS has immune and endocrine functions and plays a role in…
fasciaprimo vascular system - A++2015
Glycine improves biochemical and biomechanical properties following inflammation of the achilles tendon
Cristiano Pedrozo Vieira, Letícia Prado De Oliveira, Flávia Da Ré Guerra, Marcos Dos Santos De Almeida, Maria Cristina…This animal study investigated the effect of the amino acid glycine on inflamed Achilles tendons in rats. Researchers induced inflammation and then fed one group of rats a diet supplemented with 5% glycine. After 22 day…
achilles tendon; extracellular matrix; glycine; inflammatory process; tendinopathy. - A2015
Reflections on osteopathic fascia treatment in the peripheral nervous system
Bruno Bordoni, Giovanni BordoniIn this reflective article, the authors discuss the fascia of the peripheral nervous system. They explain that nerves are enclosed in several layers of fascia that must be able to slide, and that impeded sliding can be…
fasciapainfascial treatmentnerve palpation - A2015
New Developments in the Primo Vascular System: Imaging and Functions with regard to Acupuncture
Richard C Niemtzow, Kwang-Sup Soh, Kyung A Kang, John H Barker, He Sheng Luo, Moriya OhkumaThis research entry, for which only the title is available, appears to discuss recent advancements in understanding the primo vascular system. The title suggests a focus on new imaging techniques and the system's functi…
acupunctureprimo vascular systemeditorial - A++2015
Size Matters: Molecular Weight Specificity of Hyaluronan Effects in Cell Biology
Jaime M Cyphert, Carol S Trempus, Stavros GarantziotisThis narrative review summarizes current knowledge about hyaluronan, a molecule whose biological effects are dependent on its size. Unlike many other molecules, hyaluronan's signaling properties are determined not by ch…
hyaluronanCell signalingmolecular size - A++2015
Telocytes in regenerative medicine
Yihua Bei, Fei Wang, Changqing Yang, Junjie XiaoThis 2015 review article summarizes research on telocytes, a distinct type of cell found in the connective tissue of many organs. These cells form a complex 3D network and are thought to play a key role in guiding stem…
interstitial cells; progenitor cells; regeneration; regenerative medicine; stem cells; telocytes. - A++2014
Role of reactive oxygen species in ultra-weak photon emission in biological systems
Pavel Pospíšil, Ankush Prasad, Marek RácThis narrative review explores the connection between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the faint light, or ultra-weak photon emission, that living organisms naturally produce. The authors explain that normal metabolic…
biophotonsChemiluminescenceReactive oxygen specieslipid peroxidationHydroxyl radical - A++2014
Highly sensitive imaging for ultra-weak photon emission from living organisms
Masaki KobayashiThis review article describes research on ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), also known as biophotons, which is faint light spontaneously emitted from living organisms. This light emission is associated with metabolic pr…
biophotonsUltra-weak photon emissionCCDReactive oxygen speciesImaging - A++2014
Biophoton signal transmission and processing in the brain
Rendong Tang, Jiapei DaiThis narrative review explores an alternative theory of how brain cells communicate. The traditional view is that the nervous system uses bioelectrical and chemical signals, but these models struggle to explain higher b…
biophotonsUltra-weak photon emissionsBiophotonic transmissionNeural signal transmission and processingNeural circuits - A++2014
Towards whole-body ultra-weak photon counting and imaging with a focus on human beings: A review
Roeland Van Wijk, Eduard P A Van Wijk, Herman A van Wietmarschen, Jan van der GreefIn this review article, the authors describe the history and development of research into ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), the faint light naturally emitted by the human body. The scientific understanding of this pheno…
Ultra-weak photon emissionBiophotonReactive oxygen speciesSystems biologyHuman - C2014
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced excitation and sensitization to mechanical stimulation of mechanosensitive C-fiber afferents in rat skin
Asako Kubo, Toru Taguchi, Kazue MizumuraIn this animal study, researchers investigated the effects of the protein MCP-1, which is involved in inflammation, on nerve endings in the skin. Using skin-nerve preparations from rats, they found that applying MCP-1 d…
MCP-1CCL2Single fiber recordingUnmyelinated afferentsMechanical sensitization - A++2014
Spatiotemporal Imaging of Glutamate-Induced Biophotonic Activities and Transmission in Neural Circuits
Rendong Tang, Jiapei DaiThis study on mouse brain tissue investigated biophotons, which are ultra-weak light emissions from biological systems. Researchers found that applying the neurotransmitter glutamate caused a significant and long-lastin…
fasciabiophotonsultraweak photons - A++2014
Age- and diabetes-related nonenzymatic crosslinks in collagen fibrils: Candidate amino acids involved in Advanced Glycation End-products
Alfonso Gautieri, Alberto Redaelli, Markus J Buehler, Simone VesentiniAdvanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) are harmful crosslinks that form in collagen with aging and in diabetes, making tissues stiffer. However, the exact location of these crosslinks has been unclear. In this theoretic…
Advanced glycation end-products; Ageing; Atomistic simulations; Collagen; Crosslinks; Diabetes. - A2014
Clinical and symptomatological reflections: the fascial system
Bruno Bordoni, Emiliano ZanierThis narrative review discusses the fascial system as a continuous network of connective tissue that gives form and function to the entire body. The authors note that despite its importance in transmitting force, coordi…
fasciapainlow back painOsteopathicneck - A2014
Specific Sizes of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Stimulate Fibroblast Migration and Excisional Wound Repair
C Tolg, P Telmer, E TurleyHyaluronan (HA) is a molecule important for wound healing, and its effects appear to depend on its size. In this study using cell cultures and animal models, researchers investigated how specific, small fragments of HA…
fasciahyaluronan molecular sizehyaluronan fragmentswound healing - A2014
Chiropractic Management of Pubic Symphysis Shear Dysfunction in a Patient With Overactive Bladder
Robert Cooperstein, Anthony Lisi, Andrew BurdThis case report describes the chiropractic care of a 24-year-old woman with an overactive bladder, specifically frequent nighttime urination that disrupted her sleep. A physical examination revealed a shear dysfunction…
fasciasymphysis pubis dysfunctionpubic symphysispubic symphysis diastasisurinary bladder overactive - A2014
Whey protein hydrolysate augments tendon and muscle hypertrophy independent of resistance exercise contraction mode
J Farup, S K Rahbek, M H Vendelbo, A Matzon, J Hindhede, A Bejder, S Ringgard, K VissingThis study investigated the effects of resistance training combined with either whey protein or a placebo on muscle and tendon growth. Twenty-two participants performed 12 weeks of knee extension training, using eccentr…
patellar tendonstrength trainingeccentric trainingconcentric trainingrate of force development - A2014
The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Jeppe Bo Lauersen, Ditte Marie Bertelsen, Lars Bo AndersenThis systematic review and meta-analysis examined 25 studies to evaluate which types of exercise best prevent sports injuries. The analysis included over 26,000 participants and data on more than 3,400 injuries. Researc…
exercisesinjury prevention - A2014
Vitamin C in the Treatment and/or Prevention of Obesity
Diego Fernando GARCIA-DIAZ, Patricia LOPEZ-LEGARREA, Pablo QUINTERO, Jose Alfredo MARTINEZIn this 2014 narrative review, the authors examine the relationship between vitamin C and obesity. Obesity is often linked to oxidative stress, which can lead to other health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular dise…
Oxidative stressAscorbic acidantioxidantbody weight - A++2014
Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Harald Mangge, Kathrin Becker, Dietmar Fuchs, Johanna M GostnerThis narrative review explores the links between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The authors explain that chronic immune activation in CVD leads to high levels of reactive oxygen specie…
Antioxidative therapy; Atherogenesis; Cardiovascular disease; Homocysteine; Neopterin; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Tetrahydrobiopterin; Tryptophan; Vitamins. - A2014
Deformations Experienced in the Human Skin, Adipose Tissue, and Fascia in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Hans Chaudhry, Bruce Bukiet, Zhiming Ji, Antonio Stecco, Thomas W FindleyThis study used a mathematical model to investigate how forces from manual therapy affect the skin, adipose tissue, and fascia. The researchers aimed to understand how much each layer deforms under compression and shear…
fasciaosteopathyManual Therapy - A2014
Ultrasound Elastography: The New Frontier in Direct Measurement of Muscle Stiffness
Joline E Brandenburg, Sarah F Eby, Pengfei Song, Heng Zhao, Jeffrey S Brault, Shigao Chen, Kai-Nan AnThis 2014 review article describes ultrasound elastography, a technology that can directly measure the mechanical properties of tissue, such as muscle stiffness. The authors suggest that its real-time measurements can a…
musclesElastographydiagnostic imagingelasticityhardness - A2014
Uptake and intracytoplasmic storage of pigmented particles by human CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes: endocytic property of telocytes
Lucio Díaz-Flores, Ricardo Gutiérrez, M Pino García, Francisco J Sáez, Fernando Aparicio, Lucio Díaz-Flores Jr, Juan F…Researchers investigated whether a specific type of connective tissue cell, called a telocyte, could absorb foreign particles. They examined human colon tissue that had been injected with India ink as a surgical marker.…
CD34+ stromal cells; colon; endocytosis; phagocytosis; skin; telocytes. - A+++2014
Telocytes revisited
Sanda M Cretoiu, Laurentiu M PopescuThis narrative review summarizes findings on telocytes, a relatively new type of cell found in the interstitial, or connective, tissue of many organs. These cells are defined by their small bodies and extremely long, th…
exosomes/ectosomes; intercellular signaling; regenerative medicine; telocytes; telopodes - A2014
Primary frozen shoulder: brief review of pathology and imaging abnormalities
Kazuya Tamai, Miwa Akutsu, Yuichiro YanoThis narrative review examines the underlying pathology of primary frozen shoulder, a condition causing spontaneous pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint. The authors summarize evidence indicating that the main issue…
frozen shoulderAdhesive capsulitisShoulder painTherapy - 1A+2014
Painful Connections: Densification Versus Fibrosis of Fascia
P G Pavan, Antonio Stecco, R Stern, Carla SteccoIn this review article, the authors describe two types of fascial changes that can cause pain: densification and fibrosis. Densification is described as a reversible alteration in the viscosity of the loose connective t…
hyaluronanfasciafibrosisdensificationConnective tissue - A2014
Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome according to the Fascial Distortion Model: A Prospective Case Control Study
Christoph Schulze, Susanne Finze, Rainer Bader, Andreas LisonThis prospective case-control study investigated the Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) for treating medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), or shin splints. Researchers applied targeted manual techniques to the lower leg fas…
Manual Therapyfasciaefascial distortion model - A2014
Our Internal Universe
Stephen M LevinThis 2014 entry, titled 'Our Internal Universe' by Stephen M Levin, has not yet been summarized. The title suggests a conceptual exploration of the body's internal environment, possibly from a structural or philosophica…
fasciaTensegrityhapticperception - 1A+2014
Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells
S Van Linthout, K Miteva, C TschöpeThis narrative review describes how fibroblasts, traditionally seen as passive cells that produce extracellular matrix, are increasingly understood as active key players in the immune system. The authors provide an over…
fibroblastMyofibroblastInnate and adaptive immune responseHeart failure - A+2014
Cartilage repair using human embryonic stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors
AIXIN CHENG, ZOHER KAPACEE, JIANG PENG, SHIBI LU, ROBERT J LUCAS, TIMOTHY E HARDINGHAM, SUSAN J KIMBERIn this animal study, researchers developed a method to turn human embryonic stem cells into cartilage-forming cells under laboratory conditions. These new cells were then implanted into cartilage defects in the knee jo…
arthritistissue regenerationCell transplantationEmbryonic stem cell - B2014
Mechanisms of Myofascial Pain
M Saleet JafriThis 2014 narrative review discusses the potential causes of myofascial pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common condition involving painful trigger points in muscle, but its precise mechanisms are not well understood…
fasciaMyofascial painMyofascial trigger points - A+++2014
The active role of vitamin C in mammalian iron metabolism: much more than just enhanced iron absorption!
Darius J R Lane, Des R RichardsonThis review explores how vitamin C (ascorbate) plays a sophisticated role in mammalian iron metabolism beyond simply enhancing absorption in the gut. Evidence suggests that vitamin C regulates how cells take up, store,…
Ascorbate; Dcytb; Ferritin; Free radicals; HIF; IRP; Iron; Transferrin; Vitamin C - A+2014
Dietary Hyaluronic Acid Migrates into the Skin of Rats
Mariko Oe, Koichi Mitsugi, Wataru Odanaka, Hideto Yoshida, Ryosuke Matsuoka, Satoshi Seino, Tomoyuki Kanemitsu, Yasunob…In this animal study, researchers investigated whether orally ingested hyaluronic acid could reach the skin in rats. Using a radio-labeled version of hyaluronic acid, they tracked its path through the body after rats we…
Orally HAHA supplement - A++2014
Ultraweak photon emission as a non-invasive health assessment: a systematic review
John A Ives, Eduard P A van Wijk, Namuun Bat, Cindy Crawford, Avi Walter, Wayne B Jonas, Roeland van Wijk, Jan van der…This systematic review explores the use of ultraweak photon emission (UPE) as a non-invasive tool for assessing human health. By analyzing 56 studies, researchers found that measuring light particles emitted by the body…
Ultra-weak photon emissionultra-weak bioluminescencehealt assessment - A2014
Definition of the To Be Named Ligament and Vertebrodural Ligament and Their Possible Effects on the Circulation of CSF
Nan Zheng, Xiao-Ying Yuan, Yun-Fei Li, Yan-Yan Chi, Hai-Bin Gao, Xin Zhao, Sheng-Bo Yu, Hong-Jin Sui, John SharkeyIn this cadaver study, researchers investigated connective tissue structures in the upper neck of 30 human specimens. They identified two specific ligaments, the 'to be named ligament' (TBNL) and the vertebrodural ligam…
fasciadura materMyodural Bridgecerebrospinal fluid circulation - A2014
The cervical myodural bridge, a review of literature and clinical implications
Dennis E Enix, Frank Scali, Matthew E PontellThis literature review examines the cervical myodural bridge, a soft tissue connection between deep suboccipital muscles and the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord. This bridge appears to anchor the spinal cord and…
fasciarectus capitis posterior majordura materMyodural Bridgeobliquus capitis inferior - A+++2014
Case study: Could ultrasound and elastography visualized densified areas inside the deep fascia?
Carla Stecco fasciacyteIn this case study, researchers used ultrasound and elastography to visualize the deep fascia of a 40-year-old male with calf pain. The imaging techniques allowed them to see changes in the fascia's gliding, echogenicit…
Fascia; Myofascial pain; Fascial manipulation; Manual therapy; Densification; Gliding; Sliding system - A++2014
Low-intensity vibration improves angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic mice
Eileen M Weinheimer-Haus, Stefan Judex, William J Ennis, Timothy J KohThis animal study investigated if whole-body low-intensity vibration (LIV) could improve chronic wound healing in diabetic mice. Mice with surgical wounds received either 30 minutes of daily vibration or a sham treatmen…
wound healingvibrationsdiabetic wounds - A++2014
Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone
William R Thompson, Sherwin S Yen, Janet RubinThis review article explores vibration therapy as a way to mimic the positive effects of physical activity on bone and muscle, especially for frail individuals who cannot exercise. Animal and human studies suggest that…
low-intensity vibration; mesenchymal stem cells; osteocyte; osteoporosis - A2014
Fat Connected with the Primo Vascular System
Kyoung-Hee Bae, Kwang-Sup SohThis research entry is currently available as a title only, so a detailed summary is not yet possible. The title, "Fat Connected with the Primo Vascular System," suggests an investigation into the relationship between a…
fasciafatadipose tissueprimo vascular system (PVS) - A++2014
Ultra-weak photon emission from biological samples: Definition, mechanisms, properties, detection and applications
Michal Cifra, Pavel PospíšilThis review article summarizes the current understanding of ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), a faint light naturally produced by living organisms. This light, a form of chemiluminescence, is generated during normal met…
biophotonsChemiluminescenceOxidative stressSinglet oxygenCharge coupled device - A2014
Fascia—Current knowledge and future directions in physiatry: Narrative review
E H Kwong, T W FindleyIn this 2014 narrative review, the authors discuss fascia from the perspective of physiatry, or rehabilitation medicine. They note that while fascia is part of the body's connective tissue, its definition is unclear in…
fasciaHyaluronic acidConnective tissuefibroblastmechanotransduction - 1A+2014
Peripheral Mechanisms Contributing to Spasticity and Implications for Treatment
Antonio Stecco, Carla Stecco, P RaghavanThis narrative review explores how changes in connective tissue might contribute to spasticity following a central nervous system injury. The authors suggest that the initial injury can alter the turnover of hyaluronic…
fasciaConnective tissueStrokeCerebral palsyHypertonia - A++2014
The role of collagen crosslinks in ageing and diabetes - the good, the bad, and the ugly
Jess G Snedeker, Alfonso GautieriThis narrative review explores how glucose in the body can bind to proteins like collagen, a process called glycation. This process creates crosslinks that can change the mechanical properties and function of connective…
collagenCrosslinksageingadvanced glycation endproductstendon mechanics - B2014
Identification and signature profiles for pro-resolving and inflammatory lipid mediators in human tissue
Romain A Colas, Masakazu Shinohara, Jesmond Dalli, Nan Chiang, Charles N SerhanResearchers developed a method to identify and measure specific molecules in human blood and lymphoid tissues called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These molecules are known to actively help resolve inflamm…
inflammationresolutioneicosanoidsresolvins - A2014
Skin, fascias, and scars: symptoms and systemic connections
Bruno Bordoni, Emiliano ZanierThis review article explores how skin, fascia, and scars are interconnected and can affect the entire body. The authors describe the skin as an organ that communicates with the nervous system and other structures. When…
fasciaOsteopathicSkinscarringscar - A2014
Antioxidants in health and disease
E Ginter, V Simko, V PanakovaThis narrative review summarizes research on antioxidants published since 2010. The main role of antioxidants is to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are linked to conditions like cardiovascular disease, c…
antioxidantsreactive oxygen species (ROS)vitamin C and Ecarotenoidspolyphenols - B2014
Pro-Resolving lipid mediators and Mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation
Christopher D Buckley, Derek W Gilroy, Charles N SerhanIn this narrative review, the authors explain that the resolution of inflammation is an active, carefully orchestrated process, not just the passive stopping of an inflammatory response. Specific molecules called specia…
acute inflammationpro-resolving mediators - A+2014
Neuroimaging and psychophysiological investigation of the link between anxiety, enhanced affective reactivity and interoception in people with joint hypermobility
Núria Mallorquí-Bagué, Sarah N Garfinkel, Miriam Engels, Jessica A Eccles, Guillem Pailhez, Antonio Bulbena, Hugo D Cri…This study investigated the connection between joint hypermobility, anxiety, and interoception (the sense of the body's internal state). Researchers confirmed that hypermobility is associated with higher levels of anxie…
anxiety; emotion; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); interoception; joint hypermobility; psychology. - 1A+2014
Hyaluronan: Biosynthesis and signaling
D Vigetti, E Karousou, M Viola, S Deleonibus, G De Luca, A PassiThis 2014 narrative review discusses hyaluronan (HA), a key component of the extracellular matrix. Beyond its structural role in tissue hydration and architecture, HA is an active signaling molecule. The authors highlig…
extracellular matrixGlycosaminoglycanAMPKO-GlcNacylationHyaluronan receptor