Research.
Every peer-reviewed study on fascia in one place — graded for strength of evidence, summarised in plain language for clinicians, researchers, and curious patients.
We grade studies from A to 1A+++ using the Fascia Research Database rubric — 1A+++ is the strongest.
- A+++2015
Functional locomotor consequences of uneven forefeet for trot symmetry in individual riding horses
Nathan Wiggers, Sandra L P Nauwelaerts, Sarah Jane Hobbs, Sophie Bool, Claudia F Wolschrijn, Willem BackThis study investigated how horses with uneven forefeet, where the angle differs between left and right, move at a trot. Researchers found that the flatter foot experiences higher loading, including greater braking forc…
asymmetryriding horsesuneven feethoof angle - A++2015
Effects of plant sterols derived from Aloe vera gel on human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and on skin condition in Japanese women
Miyuki Tanaka, Eriko Misawa, Koji Yamauchi, Fumiaki Abe, Chiaki IshizakiThis study investigated how plant sterols from Aloe vera gel affect the skin, using both laboratory tests on human skin cells (fibroblasts) and a clinical trial with women. In the lab, these sterols were found to stimul…
oral supplementationaloe sterol; collagen; wrinkle - A2015
Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease
Caroline Bonnans, Jonathan Chou, Zena WerbThis narrative review describes the extracellular matrix (ECM), a dynamic network present in all body tissues that undergoes constant remodeling. This remodeling process is crucial for regulating cell functions like pro…
fasciaextracellular matrixstiffnessmechanotransductionmatrix remodeling - A+++2015
Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review
M-N Chen, C-C Lin, C-F LiuThis systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials examined the effectiveness of plant-based estrogens, known as phytoestrogens, for relieving menopausal symptoms. The findings suggest that phyt…
CLIMACTERIC; ESTROGEN; HOT FLUSH; ISOFLAVONE; LIGNAN; MENOPAUSE; META-ANALYSIS. - A2015
Duration and Magnitude of Myofascial Release in 3-Dimensional Bioengineered Tendons: Effects on Wound Healing
Thanh V Cao, Michael R Hicks, Manal Zein-Hammoud, Paul R StandleyThis laboratory study investigated how myofascial release (MFR) affects wound healing in bioengineered tendons. Researchers created a wound in the tendon models and then applied different magnitudes and durations of str…
wound healingMyofascial release - A+++2015
Multi-frequency bioimpedance and myofascial release therapy: An equine “AtlasOrange1” validation study
Vibeke Sødring Elbrønd, Marta Julia Krasnodebska, Adrian HarrisonThis study on horses explored whether a device using multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis (mf-BIA) could objectively measure myofascial tension. Researchers compared the device's readings with a veterinarian's manual a…
myofasciamuscle tensionmf-BIAmechanical physiothera - A2015
Structural Integration as an Adjunct to Outpatient Rehabilitation for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial
Eric E Jacobson, Alec L Meleger, Paolo Bonato, Peter M Wayne, Helene M Langevin, Ted J Kaptchuk, Roger B DavisThis randomized pilot clinical trial investigated if adding Structural Integration (SI) to standard outpatient rehabilitation could help people with chronic non-specific low back pain. Researchers assigned 46 participan…
fascia - A2015
A multidisciplinary approach to scars: a narrative review
Emiliano Zanier, Bruno BordoniThis narrative review examines complementary and alternative medicine approaches to treating scar tissue. The authors survey literature on osteopathy, naturopathy, and manual therapies like physiotherapy. They also disc…
fasciaosteopathyscarwoundcomplementary and alternative medicine - B2015
Manual therapies and hypoalgesia: What are the mechanisms?
Leon ChaitowThis is a title-only entry, and its contents have not yet been summarized. The title suggests the article explores the possible mechanisms behind hypoalgesia, or a decreased sensitivity to pain, following manual therapi…
Editorial - A2015
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in Palmar Fascia of Patients with Dupuytren
Priscilla Carneiro Hirai Nascimento, Elsa Yoko Kobayashi, Luiz Guilherme de Saboya Lenzi, João baptista Gomes dos Santo…In this experimental study, researchers investigated the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a type of molecule in connective tissue, in Dupuytren's disease. The team analyzed palmar fascia tissue samples from 23 patient…
fasciaProteoglycansdupuytren contractureglycosaminoglycans - A2015
Investigation of meningomyovertebral structures within the upper cervical epidural space: a sheet plastination study with clinical implications
Frank Scali, Matthew E Pontell, Lance G Nash, Dennis E EnixThis cadaver study investigated soft-tissue connections within the epidural space of the upper cervical spine using dissection and a technique called sheet plastination. The researchers found consistent connections wher…
fasciacervical spineMyodural Bridgedural lacerationsepidural space - A2015
New Developments in the Primo Vascular System: Imaging and Functions with regard to Acupuncture
Richard C Niemtzow, Kwang-Sup Soh, Kyung A Kang, John H Barker, He Sheng Luo, Moriya OhkumaThis research entry, for which only the title is available, appears to discuss recent advancements in understanding the primo vascular system. The title suggests a focus on new imaging techniques and the system's functi…
acupunctureprimo vascular systemeditorial - A++2015
Size Matters: Molecular Weight Specificity of Hyaluronan Effects in Cell Biology
Jaime M Cyphert, Carol S Trempus, Stavros GarantziotisThis narrative review summarizes current knowledge about hyaluronan, a molecule whose biological effects are dependent on its size. Unlike many other molecules, hyaluronan's signaling properties are determined not by ch…
hyaluronanCell signalingmolecular size - A2015
Primo-Vascular System as Presented by Bong Han Kim
Vitaly Vodyanoy, Oleg Pustovyy, Ludmila Globa, Iryna SorokulovaIn the 1960s, researcher Bong Han Kim described a new vascular system, distinct from the blood and lymph systems, which he proposed was involved in tissue regeneration. However, his work was difficult for later scientis…
fasciaprimo vascular system - A+++2014
Case study: Could ultrasound and elastography visualized densified areas inside the deep fascia?
Carla Stecco fasciacyteIn this case study, researchers used ultrasound and elastography to visualize the deep fascia of a 40-year-old male with calf pain. The imaging techniques allowed them to see changes in the fascia's gliding, echogenicit…
Fascia; Myofascial pain; Fascial manipulation; Manual therapy; Densification; Gliding; Sliding system - A++2014
Ultra-weak photon emission from biological samples: Definition, mechanisms, properties, detection and applications
Michal Cifra, Pavel PospíšilThis review article summarizes the current understanding of ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), a faint light naturally produced by living organisms. This light, a form of chemiluminescence, is generated during normal met…
biophotonsChemiluminescenceOxidative stressSinglet oxygenCharge coupled device - A++2014
Towards whole-body ultra-weak photon counting and imaging with a focus on human beings: A review
Roeland Van Wijk, Eduard P A Van Wijk, Herman A van Wietmarschen, Jan van der GreefIn this review article, the authors describe the history and development of research into ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), the faint light naturally emitted by the human body. The scientific understanding of this pheno…
Ultra-weak photon emissionBiophotonReactive oxygen speciesSystems biologyHuman - A2014
Lumbopelvic muscle activation patterns in three stances under graded loading conditions: Proposing a tensegrity model for load transfer through the sacroiliac joints
Hamed Pardehshenas, Nader Maroufi, Mohammad Ali Sanjari, Mohamad Parnianpour, Stephen M LevinResearchers investigated how lumbopelvic muscles activate to stabilize the sacroiliac (SI) joints under different loads. They compared muscle activity in 30 men during two-legged and one-legged standing while holding we…
fasciasacroiliac jointload transferwire-spoke wheel modelarch theory; Self-bracing - 1A+2014
Painful Connections: Densification Versus Fibrosis of Fascia
P G Pavan, Antonio Stecco, R Stern, Carla SteccoIn this review article, the authors describe two types of fascial changes that can cause pain: densification and fibrosis. Densification is described as a reversible alteration in the viscosity of the loose connective t…
hyaluronanfasciafibrosisdensificationConnective tissue - A+2014
Dietary Hyaluronic Acid Migrates into the Skin of Rats
Mariko Oe, Koichi Mitsugi, Wataru Odanaka, Hideto Yoshida, Ryosuke Matsuoka, Satoshi Seino, Tomoyuki Kanemitsu, Yasunob…In this animal study, researchers investigated whether orally ingested hyaluronic acid could reach the skin in rats. Using a radio-labeled version of hyaluronic acid, they tracked its path through the body after rats we…
Orally HAHA supplement - 1A+2014
Peripheral Mechanisms Contributing to Spasticity and Implications for Treatment
Antonio Stecco, Carla Stecco, P RaghavanThis narrative review explores how changes in connective tissue might contribute to spasticity following a central nervous system injury. The authors suggest that the initial injury can alter the turnover of hyaluronic…
fasciaConnective tissueStrokeCerebral palsyHypertonia - A++2014
Ultraweak photon emission as a non-invasive health assessment: a systematic review
John A Ives, Eduard P A van Wijk, Namuun Bat, Cindy Crawford, Avi Walter, Wayne B Jonas, Roeland van Wijk, Jan van der…This systematic review explores the use of ultraweak photon emission (UPE) as a non-invasive tool for assessing human health. By analyzing 56 studies, researchers found that measuring light particles emitted by the body…
Ultra-weak photon emissionultra-weak bioluminescencehealt assessment - 1A+2014
Hyaluronan: Biosynthesis and signaling
D Vigetti, E Karousou, M Viola, S Deleonibus, G De Luca, A PassiThis 2014 narrative review discusses hyaluronan (HA), a key component of the extracellular matrix. Beyond its structural role in tissue hydration and architecture, HA is an active signaling molecule. The authors highlig…
extracellular matrixGlycosaminoglycanAMPKO-GlcNacylationHyaluronan receptor - A2014
Biotensegrity of the extracellular matrix: physiology, dynamic mechanical balance, and implications in oncology and mechanotherapy
Irene Tadeo, Ana P Berbegall, Luis M Escudero,Tomás Álvaro, Rosa NogueraThis 2014 review article explores the concept of biotensegrity, a principle where cells and tissues maintain structural integrity through a balance of tension and compression. This dynamic mechanical balance involves th…
fasciaextracellular matrixcancerbiotensegritymechanotherapy - A++2014
Spatiotemporal Imaging of Glutamate-Induced Biophotonic Activities and Transmission in Neural Circuits
Rendong Tang, Jiapei DaiThis study on mouse brain tissue investigated biophotons, which are ultra-weak light emissions from biological systems. Researchers found that applying the neurotransmitter glutamate caused a significant and long-lastin…
fasciabiophotonsultraweak photons - A++2014
Age- and diabetes-related nonenzymatic crosslinks in collagen fibrils: Candidate amino acids involved in Advanced Glycation End-products
Alfonso Gautieri, Alberto Redaelli, Markus J Buehler, Simone VesentiniAdvanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) are harmful crosslinks that form in collagen with aging and in diabetes, making tissues stiffer. However, the exact location of these crosslinks has been unclear. In this theoretic…
Advanced glycation end-products; Ageing; Atomistic simulations; Collagen; Crosslinks; Diabetes. - B2014
Neuroreceptor Activation by Vibration-Assisted Tunneling
Ross D Hoehn, David Nichols, Hartmut Neven, Sabre KaisThis theoretical study used quantum chemical modeling to explore how receptors in the nervous system get activated. The researchers propose a model where a molecule's specific vibrations, like a musical key, may be what…
fasciag-proteinpharmacologyGPCRssilicopotency - A+++2014
The active role of vitamin C in mammalian iron metabolism: much more than just enhanced iron absorption!
Darius J R Lane, Des R RichardsonThis review explores how vitamin C (ascorbate) plays a sophisticated role in mammalian iron metabolism beyond simply enhancing absorption in the gut. Evidence suggests that vitamin C regulates how cells take up, store,…
Ascorbate; Dcytb; Ferritin; Free radicals; HIF; IRP; Iron; Transferrin; Vitamin C - A2014
Whey protein hydrolysate augments tendon and muscle hypertrophy independent of resistance exercise contraction mode
J Farup, S K Rahbek, M H Vendelbo, A Matzon, J Hindhede, A Bejder, S Ringgard, K VissingThis study investigated the effects of resistance training combined with either whey protein or a placebo on muscle and tendon growth. Twenty-two participants performed 12 weeks of knee extension training, using eccentr…
patellar tendonstrength trainingeccentric trainingconcentric trainingrate of force development - A2014
Deformations Experienced in the Human Skin, Adipose Tissue, and Fascia in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Hans Chaudhry, Bruce Bukiet, Zhiming Ji, Antonio Stecco, Thomas W FindleyThis study used a mathematical model to investigate how forces from manual therapy affect the skin, adipose tissue, and fascia. The researchers aimed to understand how much each layer deforms under compression and shear…
fasciaosteopathyManual Therapy - A2014
Vitamin C in the Treatment and/or Prevention of Obesity
Diego Fernando GARCIA-DIAZ, Patricia LOPEZ-LEGARREA, Pablo QUINTERO, Jose Alfredo MARTINEZIn this 2014 narrative review, the authors examine the relationship between vitamin C and obesity. Obesity is often linked to oxidative stress, which can lead to other health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular dise…
Oxidative stressAscorbic acidantioxidantbody weight - A++2014
Low-intensity vibration improves angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic mice
Eileen M Weinheimer-Haus, Stefan Judex, William J Ennis, Timothy J KohThis animal study investigated if whole-body low-intensity vibration (LIV) could improve chronic wound healing in diabetic mice. Mice with surgical wounds received either 30 minutes of daily vibration or a sham treatmen…
wound healingvibrationsdiabetic wounds - A++2014
Vibration therapy: clinical applications in bone
William R Thompson, Sherwin S Yen, Janet RubinThis review article explores vibration therapy as a way to mimic the positive effects of physical activity on bone and muscle, especially for frail individuals who cannot exercise. Animal and human studies suggest that…
low-intensity vibration; mesenchymal stem cells; osteocyte; osteoporosis - A2014
Skin, fascias, and scars: symptoms and systemic connections
Bruno Bordoni, Emiliano ZanierThis review article explores how skin, fascia, and scars are interconnected and can affect the entire body. The authors describe the skin as an organ that communicates with the nervous system and other structures. When…
fasciaOsteopathicSkinscarringscar - A2014
Ultrasound Elastography: The New Frontier in Direct Measurement of Muscle Stiffness
Joline E Brandenburg, Sarah F Eby, Pengfei Song, Heng Zhao, Jeffrey S Brault, Shigao Chen, Kai-Nan AnThis 2014 review article describes ultrasound elastography, a technology that can directly measure the mechanical properties of tissue, such as muscle stiffness. The authors suggest that its real-time measurements can a…
musclesElastographydiagnostic imagingelasticityhardness - A2014
Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome according to the Fascial Distortion Model: A Prospective Case Control Study
Christoph Schulze, Susanne Finze, Rainer Bader, Andreas LisonThis prospective case-control study investigated the Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) for treating medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), or shin splints. Researchers applied targeted manual techniques to the lower leg fas…
Manual Therapyfasciaefascial distortion model - A2014
Fat Connected with the Primo Vascular System
Kyoung-Hee Bae, Kwang-Sup SohThis research entry is currently available as a title only, so a detailed summary is not yet possible. The title, "Fat Connected with the Primo Vascular System," suggests an investigation into the relationship between a…
fasciafatadipose tissueprimo vascular system (PVS) - A++2014
The Role of Functional Foods in Cutaneous Anti-aging
Soyun ChoThis narrative review examines how functional foods and oral supplements may influence skin aging by addressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Research suggests that compounds such as carotenoids, aloe vera, red gin…
Anti-oxidant; Collagen; Functional foods; Photoaging - A2014
Chiropractic Management of Pubic Symphysis Shear Dysfunction in a Patient With Overactive Bladder
Robert Cooperstein, Anthony Lisi, Andrew BurdThis case report describes the chiropractic care of a 24-year-old woman with an overactive bladder, specifically frequent nighttime urination that disrupted her sleep. A physical examination revealed a shear dysfunction…
fasciasymphysis pubis dysfunctionpubic symphysispubic symphysis diastasisurinary bladder overactive - A2014
The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Jeppe Bo Lauersen, Ditte Marie Bertelsen, Lars Bo AndersenThis systematic review and meta-analysis examined 25 studies to evaluate which types of exercise best prevent sports injuries. The analysis included over 26,000 participants and data on more than 3,400 injuries. Researc…
exercisesinjury prevention - A2014
Fascia—Current knowledge and future directions in physiatry: Narrative review
E H Kwong, T W FindleyIn this 2014 narrative review, the authors discuss fascia from the perspective of physiatry, or rehabilitation medicine. They note that while fascia is part of the body's connective tissue, its definition is unclear in…
fasciaHyaluronic acidConnective tissuefibroblastmechanotransduction - A++2014
Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
E Proksch, D Segger, J Degwert, M Schunck, V Zague, S OesserThis double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of daily collagen peptide supplementation in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Participants received either porcine or bovine collagen, or a place…
skin agingCollagen hydrolysatecollagen peptidesskin health. - A++2014
Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Harald Mangge, Kathrin Becker, Dietmar Fuchs, Johanna M GostnerThis narrative review explores the links between inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The authors explain that chronic immune activation in CVD leads to high levels of reactive oxygen specie…
Antioxidative therapy; Atherogenesis; Cardiovascular disease; Homocysteine; Neopterin; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Tetrahydrobiopterin; Tryptophan; Vitamins. - A2014
Our Internal Universe
Stephen M LevinThis 2014 entry, titled 'Our Internal Universe' by Stephen M Levin, has not yet been summarized. The title suggests a conceptual exploration of the body's internal environment, possibly from a structural or philosophica…
fasciaTensegrityhapticperception - A2014
Contractile elements in muscular fascial tissue – implications for in-vitro contracture testing for malignant hyperthermia
K Hoppe, Robert Schleip, F Lehmann-Horn, Heike J€ager, Werner KlinglerMalignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but serious reaction to general anesthesia, diagnosed using a test on a skeletal muscle biopsy. Since muscle samples also contain fascia, which has contractile cells called myofibro…
myofibroblastsmalignant hyperthermiafascial tissuecontraction - A+2014
Cartilage repair using human embryonic stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors
AIXIN CHENG, ZOHER KAPACEE, JIANG PENG, SHIBI LU, ROBERT J LUCAS, TIMOTHY E HARDINGHAM, SUSAN J KIMBERIn this animal study, researchers developed a method to turn human embryonic stem cells into cartilage-forming cells under laboratory conditions. These new cells were then implanted into cartilage defects in the knee jo…
arthritistissue regenerationCell transplantationEmbryonic stem cell - A2014
Mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix homeostasis
Jay D Humphrey, Eric R Dufresne, Martin A SchwartzConnective tissues are dynamic, constantly adapting even at rest. Cells within these tissues continually sense mechanical cues from their environment through a process called mechanotransduction. In response, they maint…
fasciaextracellular matrixIntegrinsmechanosensingmechanoregulation - B2014
Mechanisms of Myofascial Pain
M Saleet JafriThis 2014 narrative review discusses the potential causes of myofascial pain. Myofascial pain syndrome is a common condition involving painful trigger points in muscle, but its precise mechanisms are not well understood…
fasciaMyofascial painMyofascial trigger points - A2014
Antioxidants in health and disease
E Ginter, V Simko, V PanakovaThis narrative review summarizes research on antioxidants published since 2010. The main role of antioxidants is to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are linked to conditions like cardiovascular disease, c…
antioxidantsreactive oxygen species (ROS)vitamin C and Ecarotenoidspolyphenols - A2014
A decorin-deficient matrix affects skin chondroitin/dermatan sulfate levels and keratinocyte function
Katerina Nikolovska, Jana K Renke, Oliver Jungmann, Kay Grobe, Renato V Iozzo, Alina D Zamfir, Daniela G SeidlerThis study in mice investigated how the absence of a proteoglycan called decorin affects skin structure and function. Researchers found that mice lacking decorin had an altered composition of other sugar molecules (chon…
extracellular matrixDecorinSLRPDermatan sulfateFibroblast growth factor - 1A+2014
The Medium of Haptic Perception: A Tensegrity Hypothesis
Michael T Turvey, Sérgio T FonsecaIn this theoretical paper, the authors propose a new hypothesis for how our sense of touch, or haptic perception, works. Unlike other senses that have a clear medium (like air for sound), the haptic system lacks one. Th…
fasciaConnective tissuecytoskeletonhaptic systemmultifractal tensegrity - A2014
Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Protects Skin Fibroblasts against Apoptosis Induced by Environmental Stress
Yan Wang, Mark E Lauer, Sanjay Anand, Judith A Mack, Edward V MaytinSkin fibroblasts need to manage environmental stress, such as UV radiation. This study on mouse cells investigated how hyaluronan (HA) and the enzymes that produce it help fibroblasts survive. Researchers found that cel…
Apoptosis; Caspase; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblast; Hyaluronan; Skin; Stress. - A2014
Mapping Sensory Nerve Communications Between Peripheral Nerve Territories
ADIL LADAK, R SHANE TUBBS, ROBERT J SPINNERIn this literature review, researchers examined the traditional maps of skin sensation, known as dermatomes. They searched for evidence of direct communications between sensory nerves from different, adjacent spinal ner…
dermatomes; nerve; communications; map; cutaneous; sensory - A2014
Clinical and symptomatological reflections: the fascial system
Bruno Bordoni, Emiliano ZanierThis narrative review discusses the fascial system as a continuous network of connective tissue that gives form and function to the entire body. The authors note that despite its importance in transmitting force, coordi…
fasciapainlow back painOsteopathicneck - A2014
Specific Sizes of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Stimulate Fibroblast Migration and Excisional Wound Repair
C Tolg, P Telmer, E TurleyHyaluronan (HA) is a molecule important for wound healing, and its effects appear to depend on its size. In this study using cell cultures and animal models, researchers investigated how specific, small fragments of HA…
fasciahyaluronan molecular sizehyaluronan fragmentswound healing - B2014
Pro-Resolving lipid mediators and Mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation
Christopher D Buckley, Derek W Gilroy, Charles N SerhanIn this narrative review, the authors explain that the resolution of inflammation is an active, carefully orchestrated process, not just the passive stopping of an inflammatory response. Specific molecules called specia…
acute inflammationpro-resolving mediators - A2014
Definition of the To Be Named Ligament and Vertebrodural Ligament and Their Possible Effects on the Circulation of CSF
Nan Zheng, Xiao-Ying Yuan, Yun-Fei Li, Yan-Yan Chi, Hai-Bin Gao, Xin Zhao, Sheng-Bo Yu, Hong-Jin Sui, John SharkeyIn this cadaver study, researchers investigated connective tissue structures in the upper neck of 30 human specimens. They identified two specific ligaments, the 'to be named ligament' (TBNL) and the vertebrodural ligam…
fasciadura materMyodural Bridgecerebrospinal fluid circulation - B2014
Identification and signature profiles for pro-resolving and inflammatory lipid mediators in human tissue
Romain A Colas, Masakazu Shinohara, Jesmond Dalli, Nan Chiang, Charles N SerhanResearchers developed a method to identify and measure specific molecules in human blood and lymphoid tissues called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These molecules are known to actively help resolve inflamm…
inflammationresolutioneicosanoidsresolvins - 1A+2014
Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells
S Van Linthout, K Miteva, C TschöpeThis narrative review describes how fibroblasts, traditionally seen as passive cells that produce extracellular matrix, are increasingly understood as active key players in the immune system. The authors provide an over…
fibroblastMyofibroblastInnate and adaptive immune responseHeart failure - A2014
Primary frozen shoulder: brief review of pathology and imaging abnormalities
Kazuya Tamai, Miwa Akutsu, Yuichiro YanoThis narrative review examines the underlying pathology of primary frozen shoulder, a condition causing spontaneous pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint. The authors summarize evidence indicating that the main issue…
frozen shoulderAdhesive capsulitisShoulder painTherapy