Research.
Every peer-reviewed study on fascia in one place — graded for strength of evidence, summarised in plain language for clinicians, researchers, and curious patients.
We grade studies from A to 1A+++ using the Fascia Research Database rubric — 1A+++ is the strongest.
- A2019
Myofascial Chains of the Upper Limb: A Systematic Review of Anatomical Studies
JAN WILKE, FRIEDER KRAUSEThis systematic review compiled research to determine if myofascial chains, previously identified in the trunk and lower limbs, also exist in the upper limb. Analyzing 13 anatomical dissection studies, the authors found…
continuity; fascia; force transmission; muscles; cadavers; connective tissue; myofascial chains - A2019
3D volumetric MR arthrographic assessment of shoulder joint capacity in patients with primary adhesive capsulitis
Hayri Ogul, Nurmuhammet Tas, Kutsi Tuncer, Gokhan Polat, Yasemin Ogul, Berhan Pirimoglu, Mecit KantarciThis study used 3D MR arthrography to measure and compare shoulder joint volume in patients with primary adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) against a healthy control group. Researchers found that the patient group ha…
frozen shoulderAdhesive capsulitisMR arthrography - A2019
Structural Gender Dimorphism and the Biomechanics of the Gluteal Subcutaneous Tissue: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Cellulite
Christina Rudolph, Casey Hladik, Hassan Hamade, Konstantin Frank, Michael S Kaminer, Doris Hexsel, Robert H Gotkin, Nei…This study investigated gender differences in the subcutaneous tissue of the gluteal region to better understand the development of cellulite. Researchers found that men have more and stronger fibrous connections (septa…
celluliteAGEfatty tissuemorpholgygender - A2019
Suboccipital Myodural Bridges Revisited: Application to Cervicogenic Headaches
KEI KITAMURA, KWANG HO CHO, MASAHITO YAMAMOTO, MICHITAKE ISHII, GEN MURAKAMI, JOSÉ FRANCISCO RODRÍGUEZ-VÁZQUEZ, SHIN-IC…This anatomical study investigated the connective tissue structures, known as myodural bridges, in the suboccipital region of 30 human fetuses. Researchers identified two types of these bridges connecting muscles at the…
fetuses; atlas; cervical; cervical vertebra axis; pachymeninx; elastic fibers; cervicogenic headaches - A2019
The myodural bridge complex defined as a new functional structure
Nan Zheng, Beom Sun Chung, Yi-Lin Li, Tai-Yuan Liu, Lan-Xin Zhang, Yang-Yang Ge, Nan-Xing Wang, Zhi-Hong Zhang, Lin Cai…The myodural bridge is a known connective tissue link between the deep suboccipital muscles and the spinal cord's outermost covering, the dura mater. In this anatomical study, researchers examined its precise structure…
Myodural BridgeThree-dimensional visualization modelP45 plastinated slicesSuboccipital region - A2019
Existence and features of the myodural bridge in Gallus domesticus: indication of its important physiological function
Ya-Ru Dou, Nan Zheng, Jing Gong, Wei Tang, Chukwuemeka Samuel Okoye, Ying Zhang, Yu-Xiao Chen, Yu Zhang, Shi-Yi Pi, Lia…In this anatomical animal study, researchers investigated the existence of the myodural bridge (MDB) in chickens. The MDB is a dense connective tissue that links muscles in the upper neck to the spinal dura mater. The i…
Myodural Bridgecerebrospinal fluid circulationCollagen fiberGallus domesticus - A2019
Age-related changes in leg proprioception: implications for postural control
Mélanie Henry, Stéphane BaudryThis narrative review examines how aging affects proprioception—the body's sense of its own position and movement—and its implications for balance. To maintain an upright stance, the brain relies on signals from recepto…
proprioceptionmuscle spindlesbalanceIa afferentsupright standing - A2019
Intra-articular effects of combined xenogenous serum rich in growth factors (SRGF) and vitamin C on histopathology grading and staging of osteoarthritis in rat model
S Azizi, A Farsinejad, R Kheirandish, H FatemiThis animal study investigated a potential treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. Researchers induced OA in the rats' knees and then treated them with intra-articular injections. One group received a combination of…
Osteoarthritis; SRGF; Monosodium iodoacetate; Vitamin C; Histopathology - A2019
Imaging of ultraweak photon emission for evaluating the oxidative stress of human skin
Katsuhiko Tsuchidaa, Torai Iwasab, Masaki KobayashiThis study explored a method for visualizing oxidative stress in human skin by imaging ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also known as biophotons. Researchers found that exposing skin to UV radiation increased the intens…
BiophotonOxidationImagingNon-invasiveUltraviolet - A2019
The neural basis of the senses of effort, force and heaviness
Uwe Proske, Trevor AllenThis narrative review explores how we sense effort, force, and heaviness during muscle contraction. Traditionally, these sensations were thought to originate in the brain from copies of motor commands. However, new evid…
Force sense · Proprioception · Muscle spindle · Tendon organ · Motor command · Efference copy · Vibration - A2019
Chronic low back pain influences trunk neuromuscular control during unstable sitting among persons with lower-limb loss
Courtney M Butowicz, Julian C Acasio, Silfies Sheri P, Maury A Nussbaum, Brad D HendershotPeople with lower-limb loss are at a higher risk for chronic low back pain. This study investigated whether trunk postural control differs between those with and without pain in this population. Researchers had men with…
low back painBiomechanicsPostural controlAmputation - A2019
Role of Hyaluronan in Inflammatory Effects on Human Articular Chondrocytes
Mary K Cowman, Claire Shortt, Shivani Arora, Yuhong Fu, Jemma Villavieja, Jai Rathore, Xiayun Huang, Tatini Rakshit, Gy…Some researchers have proposed that fragments of hyaluronan (HA), a key molecule in connective tissue, can trigger inflammation in cartilage. This study investigated that idea in human articular cartilage cells. Researc…
hyaluronan; hyaluronidase; articular cartilage; chondrocytes; inflammation - A2019
Anatomy, Fascia
Bruno Bordoni, Navid Mahabadi, Matthew VaracalloThis resource provides an overview of the anatomy of fascia. As the full text has not yet been reviewed, this summary is based on the title alone. The entry likely covers the structural and functional aspects of fascial…
fascia - A2019
Association of thoraco-lumbar fascia length in individuals with non-specific low back pain - an observational study
Shellette D' Almeida, Charu Eapen, Shyam KrishnanThis observational study compared 31 people with non-specific low back pain to 31 healthy individuals to investigate the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF). Researchers measured TLF length by assessing lumbar spine rotation, an…
low back painthoracolumar fascia lenght - A2019
Effects of foam rolling on performance and recovery: A systematic review of the literature to guide practitioners on the use of foam rolling
Sharief Hendricks, Hayd'n Hill, Steve den Hollander, Wayne Lombard, Romy ParkerThis systematic review analyzed 49 studies to understand how foam rolling affects athletic performance and recovery. The authors found evidence that foam rolling can decrease muscle stiffness and improve range of motion…
FlexibilityFoam rollingPerformanceRecovery - A2019
Cranial osteopathy: Obscurantism and Enlightenment
Bruno Bordoni, Bruno Morabito, Marta SimonelliIn this reflective article, the authors discuss the controversial aspects of cranial osteopathy. They address common objections, such as the idea that the cranial bones are immobile in adults and that an operator's hand…
fasciaOsteopathicquantum physicsneurophysiologycranio - A2019
The diaphragm muscle manual evaluation scale
Bruno Bordoni, Bruno MorabitoThis technical report describes a new method for manually assessing the diaphragm's function, called the Manual Evaluation Diaphragm (MED) scale. The scale is designed to generate a value for the respiratory muscle's mo…
fasciaMyofascialdiaphragmSurgeryphrenic nerve - A2019
The effects of vibration-induced altered stretch reflex sensitivity on maximal motor unit firing properties
Alejandra Barrera-Curiel, Ryan J Colquhoun, Jesus A Hernandez-Sarabia, Jason M DeFreitasResearchers investigated how muscle vibration, which affects the stretch reflex, influences muscle strength and nerve signals during maximal effort. In a study with 24 participants performing maximal knee extensions, th…
group Ia afferents; muscle spindle function; muscle vibration - A2019
Tissue Regeneration from Mechanical Stretching of Cell–Cell Adhesion
Amir Monemian Esfahani, Jordan Rosenbohm, Keerthana Reddy, Xiaowei Jin, Tasneem Bouzid, Brandon Riehl, Eunju Kim, Jung…This narrative review explores how mechanical stretching can stimulate tissue regeneration and wound healing. Researchers have long known that cells respond to mechanical forces, but much of the focus has been on the co…
wound healingmechanotransductioncell–cell adhesionmechanical stretchingtissue regeneration - A2019
Lymphatic pump manipulation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bruno BordoniThis narrative review examines the use of lymphatic pump manipulation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by persistent inflammation, and lymphatic techniques aim to red…
inflammationfasciaOsteopathicCOPDlymphatic pump - A2019
Where is your head? Perception of relative position of the head on a wielded object
Jeffrey B Wagman, Takahiro HiguchiThis study explored how we perceive our body's position relative to an object we are holding or balancing. Researchers specifically tested this by having participants "wield" an object with their head, a body part not t…
Haptics . Perception and action . Touch - A2019
A Systematic Review of the Morphology and Function of the Sacrotuberous Ligament
DANIELA ALDABE , NIELS HAMMER, NATASHA A M S FLACK, STEPHANIE J WOODLEYThis systematic review examined existing research on the sacrotuberous ligament (STL) to clarify its anatomy and function. The STL is often implicated in conditions like pelvic girdle pain, but its exact role has been d…
anatomy; pelvis; ligament; review - A2019
Adhesive capsulitis: MRI correlation with clinical stages and proposal of MRI staging
Amarnath Chellathurai, Komalavalli Subbiah, Atchaya Elangovan,, Sivakumar KannappanThis study investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings can reflect the clinical stages of adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder. Researchers analyzed MRIs from 74 patients, looking for sp…
Adhesive capsulitis; MRI staging; magnetic resonance imaging; frozen shoulder - A2019
The Primo Vascular System as a Possible Exosomal Route Across the Body: Implications for Tumor Proliferation and Metastasis
Chiara GhironThis literature review proposes a possible link between the primo vascular system (PVS)—a network associated with Traditional Chinese Medicine meridians—and the way cancer spreads. The theory is that exosomes, tiny vesi…
cancer microenvironment; exosomes; hyaluronic acid; primo vascular system; tumor metastasis. - A2019
Innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia
Siegfried MenseThis study, conducted primarily on rats, investigated the types of nerves in the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) to better understand its sensory roles. Researchers found only free nerve endings, many of which are associated…
NociceptionThoracolumbar fasciainnervationfree nerve endingsproprioception - A2019
Improving the New Definition of Fascial System
Bruno BordoniThis narrative review proposes expanding the definition of the fascial system to include bone tissue. The author argues that bone, a specialized form of connective tissue, shares the same embryological origins as other…
fasciaChiropracticosteopathyManual Therapyfascial system - A2019
Glut-1 explains the evolutionary advantage of the loss of endogenous vitamin C-synthesis
Tabea C Hornung, Hans-Konrad BiesalskiUnlike many animals, humans cannot produce their own vitamin C. This study explores a potential evolutionary advantage of this loss. Researchers compared red blood cells from humans and pigs (who can make vitamin C) and…
glucose transporter; vitamin C; gulono-lactone-oxidase; vitamin C recycling - A2019
Evaluation of the Structure of Myodural Bridges in an Equine Model of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
Abigail McElroy, Ann Rashmir, Jane Manfredi, Dodd Sledge, Elizabeth Carr, Edward Stopa, Petra KlingeThis animal study investigated myodural bridges—connective tissue links between small neck muscles and the spinal cord's outer covering (dura mater)—in horses. Researchers compared horses with a genetic connective tissu…
Myodural BridgeEhlers-danlos syndromes - A2019
Biotensegrity or Fascintegrity
Bruno Bordoni, Matthew A Varacallo, Bruno Morabito, Marta SimonelliIn this theoretical review, the authors question the popular "biotensegrity" model for describing the body's mechanics. They argue the model is incomplete because it fails to account for crucial factors like bodily flui…
fasciaMyofascialOsteopathicphysiotherapyskeletal muscle - A2019
Putative Primo-Vascular System in Rabbit Placenta
Fatma El-Zahraa A MustafaIn this animal study, researchers investigated the primo vascular system (PVS), a proposed network that may play a role in transport, tissue regeneration, and cell migration. While the PVS has been detected in other rab…
inflammatory cell; placenta; primo vascular system; primo vessel; rabbit. - A2019
Role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the development of frozen shoulder: human data and experimental analysis in a rat contracture model
Chul-Hyun Cho, Yun-Mee Lho, Ilseon Hwang, Du Hwan KimThis study investigated the biological processes behind frozen shoulder, a condition characterized by pain and stiffness. Researchers analyzed joint capsule tissue from both patients with frozen shoulder and from a rat…
inflammationfibrosisfrozen shoulderimmobilizationrat; matrix metalloproteinases - A2019
Lipedema: A Call to Action!
Giacomo Buso, Michele Depairon, Didier Tomson, Wassim Raffoul, Roberto Vettor, Lucia MazzolaiThis narrative review summarizes the current understanding of lipedema, a chronic and progressive disease primarily affecting women. It is characterized by a painful, abnormal distribution of fat in the limbs, which oft…
lymphedemalipedema; obesity - A2019
Trigger Points, Pressure Pain Hyperalgesia, and Mechanosensitivity of Neural Tissue in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
Pedro Fuentes-Márquez, Marie Carmen Valenza, Irene Cabrera-Martos, Ana Ríos-Sánchez, Olga Ocón-HernándezIn this case-control study, researchers compared women with chronic pelvic pain to a healthy control group. They found that women with pelvic pain had significantly more myofascial trigger points in their low back, glut…
Myofascial Pain Syndrome; Pressure Algometry; Neurodynamics; Chronic Pelvic Pain - A2019
Quantifying muscle glycosaminoglycan levels in patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness using T1p MRI
Rajiv G Menon, Preeti Raghavan, Ravinder R RegatteThis study is the first to quantify the amount of hyaluronan, a key component for gliding movements within fascia. Researchers measured hyaluronan in tissue samples from various human anatomical sites and found that the…
hyaluronanStrokestiffnesshyaluronidase - A2019
Experimental myofascial trigger point creation in rodents
Ramon Margalef, Marc Sisquella, Marc Bosque, Clara Romeu, Orlando Mayoral, Sonia Monterde, Mercedes Priego, Rafael Guer…This animal study investigated how myofascial trigger points might form. Researchers treated mice and rats with a substance that increases nerve signals to the muscles, mimicking a state of high neurotransmission. This…
animal model; endplate noise; myofascial pain syndrome; myofascial trigger point; spontaneous acetylcholine release - A2019
Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications
Franchesca D Choi, Calvin T Sung, Margit L W Juhasz, Natasha Atanaskova MesinkovskThis systematic review examined eleven clinical trials investigating the impact of oral collagen supplements on skin health. The findings suggest that collagen hydrolysates and peptides may improve skin elasticity, hydr…
wound healingcollagenskin aging - A2019
Anterior capsular abnormality: another important MRI finding for the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Jina Park, Yoon-Hee Choi, Jee Won Chai, Seung Woo Cha, Joo Hee Lim, Chris Hyunchul Jo, Dong Hyun KimThis retrospective study investigated whether abnormalities in the shoulder's anterior joint capsule, seen on MRI scans, can help diagnose adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Researchers compared MRIs from 29 patient…
Anterior capsular abnormalityAdhesive capsulitis of shoulderAnterior capsular thicknessAnterior capsular abnormal hyperintensity - A2019
Educational Avenues for Promoting Dialog on Fascia
Rebecca L PrattThis article argues that fascia is a critically important, yet often overlooked, organ system in healthcare education. The author highlights fascia's diverse roles in pathology, fluid movement, proprioception, pain perc…
fascia; connective; tissue; curriculum; anatomy - A2019
Fascia thickness, aging and flexibility: is there an association?
Jan Wilke, Veronica Macchi, Raffaele De Caro, Carla SteccoThis study investigated how deep fascia thickness relates to age and flexibility in healthy women. Researchers compared a group of young women with a group of older women, using ultrasound to measure fascia thickness an…
connective tissue; hyaluronic acid; stiffness; myofascial; aging - A2019
Lipedema: friend and foe
Yanira Sanchez-De la Torre, Rita Wadeea, Victoria Rosas, Karen L HerbstLipedema is a chronic disorder characterized by painful, disproportionate fat accumulation in the limbs of women, and is often misdiagnosed as obesity. In this review, researchers examined both the negative ('foe') and…
gynoid fat; hypermobility; lipedema; lymphedema; women - A2019
Fascial Nomenclature: An Update
Bruno Bordoni, Stevan Walkowski, Bruno Morabito, Matthew A VaracalloThis review article discusses the ongoing challenge of creating a single, comprehensive definition for fascia. The authors argue that different scientific and clinical fields view fascia through their own unique lenses,…
fasciamechanotransductionMyofascialOsteopathicphysiotherapy - A2018
Not merely a protective packing organ? A review of fascia and its force transmission capacity
Jan Wilke, Robert Schleip, Can A Yucesoy, Winfried BanzerThis review article examines fascia's role in transmitting force throughout the body. Traditionally seen as just a "packing" material, research now suggests fascia is an active tissue that connects muscles into a body-w…
epimuscular; fascia; force transmission; myofascial chains - A2018
Frontiers in fascia research
Carla Alessandra Avila Gonzalez, Mark Driscoll, Robert Schleip, Scott Wearing, Eric Jacobson, Thomas Findley, Werner Kl…This article reviews recent developments in fascia research, emphasizing new ways to assess this highly variable tissue. Researchers note that fascia differs greatly between individuals in density, stiffness, and metabo…
fasciaultrasound.Pain therapySport sciencesIndentometry - A2018
Fractal fluctuations in muscular activity contribute to judgments of length but not heaviness via dynamic touch
Madhur Mangalam, James D Conners, Damian G Kelty-Stephen, Tarkeshwar SinghCOPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a progressive condition that often involves chest pain. This article analyzes the possible causes of this pain, focusing on a less frequently considered source: the fascia…
Biotensegrity · Effortful touch · Fractality · Haptic perception · Multifractality · Muscular effort · Perceptual invariance · Psychophysics - A2018
The influence of breathing on the central nervous system
Bruno Bordoni, Shahin Purgol, Annalisa Bizzarri, Maddalena Modica, Bruno MorabitoThis narrative review explores the diaphragm's extensive influence on the central nervous system. The authors discuss how the rhythm of our breath can physically move the brain, alter patterns of neural oscillation, and…
diaphragmbreathingphrenic nervevagus nerveneural oscillation - A2018
Treatment for cellulite
Neil SadickThis brief review summarizes the scientific evidence for various treatments for cellulite, a condition present in 80% to 90% of post-pubertal women. The author examines the safety and efficacy of methods ranging from to…
Cellulite pathophysiology adipocytes radiofrequency lasers - A2018
New Proposal to Define the Fascial System
Bruno Bordoni, Fabiola Marelli, Bruno Morabito, Roberto Castagna, Beatrice Sacconi, Paul MazzuccoIn this proposal, the authors suggest a new definition for the fascial system, noting that a universally accepted one does not yet exist. They argue for including the epidermis (the outer layer of skin) based on functio…
fasciaConnective tissuefibroblastMyofascialSkin - A2018
Lipedema—An update
Uwe WollinaThis review provides an update on lipedema, a chronic condition affecting subcutaneous fat tissue in the limbs, almost exclusively in women. It typically appears during or after puberty and is characterized by symmetric…
painEdemaobesitylipedemalymphedema - A2018
Effectiveness of 3-dimensional shoulder ultrasound in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears
Aiping Teng, Fanxiao Liu, Dongsheng Zhou, Tao He, Yan Chevalier, Roland M KlarIn this meta-analysis, researchers combined data from seven studies involving 282 patients to evaluate the effectiveness of 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in diagnosing rotator cuff tears. The analysis found that 3D ultr…
3-dimensional ultrasounddiagnostic valuemeta-analysisrotator cuff tears - A2018
Variations in Contents of Hyaluronan in the Peritumoral Micro-Environment of Human Chondrosarcoma
Caterina Fede, Carla Stecco, Andrea Angelini, Chenglei Fan, Elisa Belluzzi, Assunta Pozzuoli, Pietro Ruggieri, Raffaele…The micro-environment surrounding a tumor greatly influences its growth and response to therapy. This study focused on chondrosarcoma, a type of bone cancer resistant to both chemotherapy and radiation. Researchers quan…
hyaluronan; chondrosarcoma; peritumoral stroma; fascia; tumor micro-environment; malignant bone tumor; grade - A2018
Immediate effects of self-myofascial release on latent trigger point sensitivity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Jan Wilke, Lutz Vogt, Winfried BanzerThis randomized, placebo-controlled trial examined whether foam rolling could immediately reduce sensitivity in latent trigger points. Researchers compared 90 seconds of static compression, dynamic rolling, and a placeb…
fasciaMyofascial painFoam rollingSelf-masage - A2018
The anatomical relationships of the tongue with the body system
Bruno Bordoni, Bruno Morabito, Roberto Mitrano, Marta Simonelli, Anastasia ToccafondiIn this review article, the authors examine the tongue's functions and its anatomical connections to the rest of the body. The tongue is not only essential for swallowing, breathing, and speaking, but it also affects po…
fasciadiaphragmphysiotherapytonguespeech therapy - A2018
Pathobiology of cigarette smoke-induced invasive cancer of the renal pelvis and its prevention by vitamin C
Shinjini Ganguly, Ayan Chandra, Indu B ChatterjeeIn this animal study, researchers investigated how cigarette smoke might cause invasive cancer of the renal pelvis and if vitamin C could offer protection. They found that when guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smok…
Invasive cancer of the renal pelvis Cigarette smoke Vitamin C Oxidative damage Persistent EGFR signaling Cell cycle deregulation - A2018
Morphological evidence of telocytes in human synovium
Irene Rosa, Mirca Marini, Daniele Guasti, Lidia Ibba-Manneschi, Mirko ManettiA relatively new type of cell, called a telocyte, has been found in many human tissues. This study was the first to look for and find these cells in the synovial membrane, which is the lining of our movable joints. Usin…
telocytessynovium - A2018
Mineralization can be an incidental ultrasonographic finding in equine tendons and ligaments
Etienne J O O'Brien, Roger K W SmithIn this observational study on horses, researchers investigated the presence of mineralization, or calcium deposits, in tendons and ligaments using ultrasound. They found it was most common in the deep digital flexor te…
horsecalcificationDopplerossification - A2018
Biotensegrity and myofascial chains: A global approach to an integrated kinetic chain
S L Dischiavi, A A Wright, E J Hegedus, C M BleakleyThis theoretical paper proposes a holistic way to understand human movement, contrasting it with the traditional approach of studying body parts in isolation. The authors suggest a model based on "biotensegrity," where…
RehabilitationbiotensegrityMuscular chainsDynamic knee valgusHip - A2018
Meaning of the Solid and Liquid Fascia to Reconsider the Model of Biotensegrity
Bruno Bordoni, David Lintonbon, Bruno MorabitoThis theoretical article proposes a reconsideration of the traditional biotensegrity model. The authors argue that fascia should be viewed as a system with both solid and liquid components, where blood and lymph constit…
fasciaChiropracticManual TherapyMyofascialOsteopathic - A2018
Non-invasive Assessment of Lameness in Horses with Dorsal Spinous Process Impingement “Kissing spine”: A Case Study.
Adrian P Harrison, Anja Jensen, Karoline Holst Riis, Kiwa Riis-OlesenIn this case study, researchers examined a horse with recurring lameness and "kissing spine" using three non-invasive techniques. Acoustic myography was used to assess muscle activity and locate the injury, while bioimp…
Bioimpedance analysis; Accelerometry; Acoustic myography; lameness - A2018
The myodural bridge in the common rock pigeon (Columbia livia): Morphology and possible physiological implications
Chukwuemeka Samuel Okoye, Nan Zheng, Sheng-Bo Yu, Hong-Jin SuiIn this anatomical study on pigeons, researchers investigated a connective tissue structure called the myodural bridge. Through dissections and tissue analysis of the suboccipital region where the skull meets the neck,…
Connective tissuecerebrospinal fluiddura materbirdhistological sections - A2018
The infrapatellar fat pad and the synovial membrane: an anatomo-functional unit
Veronica Macchi, Elena Stocco, Carla Stecco, Elisa Belluzzi, Marta Favero, Andrea Porzionato, Raffaele De CaroThis descriptive review summarizes evidence on the close relationship between the infrapatellar fat pad and the synovial membrane in the knee. Anatomically, they are linked, as parts of the synovial membrane insert into…
infrapatellar fat pad; knee plicae; osteoarthritis; synovial membrane.