tongue and lip pain; oral lesions; pain grimace; pain-induced breathlessness; remedial strategy; “bit blindness”

Mouth Pain in Horses: Physiological Foundations, Behavioural Indices, Welfare Implications, and a Suggested Solution

This review explores how bits in a horse's mouth can cause significant pain that often goes unrecognized by riders and handlers. The author details how pressure, tissue damage, and inflammation in the mouth trigger pain…